DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS
POLI 31331:
CRISIS AND CONFLICT IN WORLD POLITICS
Weeks
1-12, 2008-2009
Hannah Parrott
Hannah.Parrott.07@bristol@ac.uk
Office Hours: Tues, 10:00-11:00am
/ Weds, 12:00-13:00pm
Room: TBC
THE UNIT
This unit introduces
you to the subject of crisis and conflict in world politics. In particular,
it focuses on the involvement of liberal democracies in numerous crises
and conflicts since 1945. This involvement has been represented variously
as necessary self-defence in a dangerous and insecure world; altruism
as part of a historic process of promotion of liberal democracy world-wide;
involving unfortunate mistakes in otherwise morally defensible engagements
with the world; and the systematic and inevitable effect of the maintenance
of formal and informal empires in which the news media unwittingly prevent
rather than ensure democratic control of policy.
For some, crises and
conflicts are caused by illiberal, undemocratic actors 'out there',
and liberal democracies are faced with difficult dilemmas in trying
to work out how to respond to them. For others, liberal democracies
have also been involved in bringing about crises and conflicts, escalating
them and prolonging them. I want you to think critically about both
perspectives. I do not want you to take at face value what you read
or hear in academic texts or in the news media (including those texts
and news media critical of the policies of liberal democracies). Instead,
I want you to uncover the unstated assumptions behind the framings of
questions and texts, to consider what questions are left unasked and
what frames have not been used. Overall, I want you to be better prepared
as a citizen to understand issues relating to crisis and conflict. It
is important to me that what we study in the unit is seen by you to
have relevance to what is going on in the world.
METHODS
The following methods
will be outlined and used in the seminars:
Essay Writing.
Examination Techniques.
Extraction of meaning from
videos.
Listening and speaking in
discussion.
OBJECTIVES
To become familiar with accounts
of crises and conflicts and the involvement of liberal democracies in
them.
To provide an introduction
to various explanations of the involvement of liberal democracies in
crises and conflicts.
To consider the implications
of the various representations of the involvement of liberal democracies
in crises and conflicts.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Thorough knowledge of approaches
to understanding crises and conflicts.
Ability to understand various
meanings of a range of relevant concepts and issues and related theories,
in particular rationality, ethnic conflict, economic sanctions, force,
genocide and the news media.
Knowledge of some of the
contemporary historical dimensions of crisis and conflict in world politics.
Ability to integrate theoretical
and empirical material.
Ability to analyse videos
politically.
Ability to make articulate,
concise, persuasive and well-paced presentations in small groups.
Ability to write articulately,
concisely and persuasively.
Ability to engage in constructive
discussion.
TEACHING ARRANGEMENTS
There are eleven two-hour
seminars in the unit (Weeks 1-11) and a one-hour mock examination in
Week 12. See below for attendance requirements. Seminars provide
you with an opportunity, amongst other things, to ask questions about
things that you don’t understand. Alternatively, you may come to see
me during my office hour or drop me an email.
My office hours are on
Tuesday, 10:00-11:00am and Wednesday, 12:00-13:00pm, room to be confirmed.
I am happy to meet with students outside of my office hours by arrangement.
LEARNING HOW TO LEARN
Outside of seminars,
try to think through the extent to which the course materials give you
additional insight into the everyday practices of world politics as
you observe and participate in them.
SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR
PURCHASE
No single book covers
all of the issues in this unit. In combination, the following books
cover most of the issues in this unit. You might think of cooperating
with each other in each buying different books and then sharing them.
Barry Buzan & Eric
Herring, The Arms Dynamic in World Politics, Boulder, Colorado:
Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. Coverage of force, threats and symbols,
and has brief coverage of most of the cases.
Chester Crocker and Fen
Osler Hamson (eds.), Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses
to International Conflict, Washington: United States Institute of
Peace Press, 1996. This book is currently out of print, but
there are copies for sale on the Internet.
Hugh Miall, Oliver Ramsbotham
& Tom Woodhouse, Contemporary Conflict Resolution, Blackwell
Publishing, 2005.
Joseph Nye, Understanding
International Conflict: An Introduction to Theory and History, Longman,
2002.
For an impassioned, committed
and controversial view of aspects of most of the issues and cases covered
in this unit, see John Pilger, Hidden Agendas, London: Vintage,
1998.
In addition, there are
a number of general books that would be useful to consult throughout
the term. There are multiple copies of these texts in the library
including one copy of each in the SLC.
Dobbins, et. al.
(RAND). America’s Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq
(RAND, 2003).
Wallensteen. Understanding Conflict
Resolution: Peace and the Global System (Sage, 2002).
Krause and Williams. Critical Security
Studies: Concepts and Cases (UCL Press, 1997).
Brecher and Wilkenfeld. A Study of
Crisis (University of Michigan, 1997).
Buzan and Weber. Regions and Power:
The Structure of International Security (Cambridge, 2003).
Booth. Critical Security Studies and
World Politics (Lynne Rienner, 2004).
Walzer. Just and Unjust Wars (Perseus
Books, 2000).
The Blue Helmets: A Review of United
Nations Peacekeeping (UN, 1997).
Evans. Cooperating for Peace (Allen
and Unwin, 1993).
von Hippel. Democracy by Force: US
Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World (Cambridge, 2000).
COURSEPACK
The coursepack for the
unit includes all of the required readings for each seminar,
including those that are available online (e.g. journal articles).
Where seminar readings are taken from books and edited volumes there
are multiple copies of these texts available in the library and one
copy of each of these texts is available from the SLC. I
encourage you to read more widely from these core texts as per your
particular interests.
REQUIRED WORK
1 essay due at 12 noon on
Friday 21st November.
1 assessed (non-classificatory)
oral presentation.
1 mock exam in Week 12.
Final exam in May/June
(A) Essays
Essay questions are provided
at the end of the unit syllabus.
Essays should be written
and correctly referenced according to department standards. There
are a number of online sources that provide good advice on how to reference
correctly and I strongly recommend that you attend a Study Skills session
if you need further guidance. Of course you can also call in to
my office hour or drop me an email with any referencing queries.
Failure to reference correctly may ‘cap’ the mark received (i.e.
an essay with poor referencing is very unlikely to obtain a mark in
the highest classifications).
Articles and books use
headings and sub-headings to guide the reader. Essays can benefit from
them too. A good rule of thumb is to use active headings that tell the
reader what you are arguing (eg ‘WHY SANCTIONS NEARLY ALWAYS FAIL’)
as opposed to passive ones (eg ‘SANCTIONS: SUCCESS AND FAILURE’)
which only indicate the general topic. Ensure the headings stand
out by using capital letters, or putting them in bold or italics and
underlining them.
You must write an essay
of no fewer than 1,500 words but no more than 2,000 words, excluding
bibliography. Text in footnotes must be kept to a minimum and is
included in the word count. The department applies very strict
penalties to over length essays, even if only one word over. 2000
words is the absolute maximum length.
The essay must not
be on the same general topic as your seminar presentation. All essays
must be word-processed. No hand-written essays will be accepted. Follow
the advice in the 'Check-list for Essay Writing' contained in the Undergraduate
Handbook. Essays must be properly footnoted, have a proper bibliography,
contain NO plagiarism and be within the specified length. Marks will
be deducted for failure to stick to these rules, and it should be remembered
that plagiarism is a serious academic offence.
Essays will not be accepted by email or fax; requests for extensions
must be submitted in writing to Mary Weir, Progress Tutor, and must
be accompanied by appropriate documentation.
(B) Oral presentation
You are required to make
an oral seminar presentation. The rules are as follows:
1. The topics will be
allocated in the first seminar.
2. The presentation is
to be of no more than 10 minutes in length. As with the word limit on
the essay, part of the exercise is learning to be concise. If you exceed
this by more than two minutes, you will be asked to stop the presentation
regardless of whether you have reached the end.
3. The presentation must
not be simply read out word for word, but be presented from notes. Feel
free to use props: the whiteboard, OHP, and so on.
4. It must address one
of the questions set for discussion each week.
5. You must provide a
handout containing a brief bibliography.
6. The handout must be
word-processed, and be no longer than one side of A4 paper including
the bibliography. Remember to put your name on it. I am more than happy
to photocopy the handout for all seminar members but due to my teaching
timetable you must either email a copy of the handout or leave it in
my pigeon hole by 7am Monday morning at the absolute latest.
I will not be checking my email or pigeon hole after 7am.
7. You should be prepared
to take questions from the seminar group. I will take your ability
to respond meaningfully to these questions and interact with the group
into account when assessing the presentation.
8. I will allocate a
mark and provide comments on your presentation. When you are preparing
for your presentation, bear in mind the importance of quality of handout,
presentation style (pace, volume and time management), the presentation’s
content and contribution to the entire seminar. The mark and written
comments will be returned to you in class within two weeks. Being able
to deliver concise, well informed and engaging presentations is a key
skill and although the mark you receive is non-classificatory you should
take the presentation as seriously as you would a classificatory piece
of work: it is an excellent opportunity to develop your confidence and
skill set in designing and delivering presentations in addition to expanding
your subject knowledge. Failure to adhere to the rules above
will result in it being very unlikely that you receive a mark for your
presentation that is in the highest mark classifications.
VIDEOS
Videos for this unit
are located and can be watched in the library in the viewing room (which
has three VCRs) at the back of the first floor or borrowed and watched
at home. Videos are available on One Day Loan and incur fines
at 50p per day if returned late.
Remember to retain your
critical distance with videos as with any text. The videos involve constructions
(including framing), connections (causes, teleology), emphasis (weighting),
selection, cues (visual, verbal, musical, implicit, explicit) to encourage
you to think and feel in a particular way, silences and revelation.
The effect of all this is often the illusion of direct access to reality
- to what ‘really’ happened. Seeing more than one video on the same
subject, or comparing the video to your reading, will help you see the
constructed nature of what you are watching. For example, ‘When Good
Men Do Nothing’ seeks to explain why Western states did not intervene
in Rwanda during the genocide, and completely omits any mention of the
fact that France did intervene (the subject of the documentary ‘The
Bloody Tricolour’).
If you want to read more
on these issues, see
Cumings, Bruce, War
and Television. Introduction, Ch. 1. PN 1992.8.W3 CUM.
Jowett, Garth S. and
Victoria O’Donnell. Propaganda and Persuasion. HM 263 JOW.
Taking notes while viewing
is often a good idea, as if you were at a lecture. Try to relate your
viewing to your reading.
Viewing videos is, of
course, no substitute for the required reading.
There is no required
viewing for this unit. Videos indicated for particular classes are only
listed so that you know that I am going to show them in case you want
to view them in full. In most cases there is only one copy of the video
– it would be greatly appreciated if you could avoid borrowing the
videos over the weekend prior to the relevant seminar, as I will need
them for a 9:00am seminar on the Monday morning (I will show the video
the week before the seminar they relate to, e.g. in Week 1 I
will show clips of the videos listed under Week 2 in the handbook).
SEMINAR SCHEDULE
Each week’s seminar
will proceed on the assumption that you have completed ALL of that week’s
required reading. In order to be able to fulfil this requirement, you
will need to PLAN AHEAD (there is more reading for some weeks than others
and it is vital that you plan around this). If you photocopy additional
sources from the library make sure you adhere to the copyright rules
(displayed next to the photocopiers).
Supplementary reading
for the most part is listed in order of priority, except for
videos which I have simply put at the top of the supplementary reading.
Do not limit yourself with this, though – the supplementary reading
lists are lengthy but not exhaustive. Be sure to look at the entire
list and read what interests you.
Many of these items can
be found in the Short Loan Collection in the library.
The Internet is also
an invaluable resource for this course. Websites for NGOs, international
organisations, news sources, etc. have a wealth of information.
[Tips on using websites:
if you can’t get directly to the page you want using, say, http://www.citizen.org/pctrade/MAI/maihome.html,
shorten the URL to, say, http://www.citizen.org/ and then click around
the site to find the page you want. At time of writing the sites in
this syllabus are live. However, websites do close down without notice].
Week 1: Introduction
In this session I will
give you an overview of the unit during which you are encouraged to
ask questions and then we will deal with administrative matters such
as allocation of presentations. As there is no required reading
for this week, please take the time to familiarise yourself with the
unit handbook prior to the seminar and think about the course contents.
Learning outcome: Develop an understanding
of the unit, its purposes and its methods.
Week 2: Military Threats and
‘Rational’ Intervention: The Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis
Q: Would you categorise the US
decision to invade North Korea as rational? How did it pose a threat
to the United States? Using ‘rationality’ (rational actor theory),
how can you explain the decisions made during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Was the Cuban missile crisis necessary to defend US interests?
Student presentations on the above question:
one on the Korean War and one on the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Videos: 'The Cold War: The Korean
War’ and ‘Great Military Blunders'
The purpose of the videos is to introduce
you to versions of the history of the Korean War.
'The Cuban Missile Crisis: Defying Uncle
Sam'
The purpose of the video is to provide
a perspective on the origins of the Cuban missile crisis.
Learning outcome: Develop an understanding
of the rationality versus psychology debate regarding the use of threats,
and an understanding of the US invasion of North Korea and the decisions
made during the Cuban Missile Crisis as examples of that debate.
Required reading:
Orme, J., 'Deterrence Failures:
A Second Look' International Security, 11(3), pp. 96-124, 1987.
Lebow, R. N., 'Deterrence
Failure Revisited' International Security, 12(1), pp. 197-213,
1987-88.
George, A. L., ‘The Cuban
Missile Crisis', in Alexander L. George (ed.) Avoiding War, Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1991, pp. 222-268. JX 1391 AVO
Weldes, J., ‘Constructing
National Interests’, European Journal of International Relations,
2(3), pp. 275-318, 1996. Serial JZ 6.5.E8. ISSUE DESK 288 SLC.
Supplementary reading:
Herring, Eric, Danger and Opportunity.
ch. 5 and pp. 49-53, 62-69. D 843 HER.
Lebow, Richard Ned, Between Peace
and War: The Nature of International Crisis. JX 4471 LEB.
Christensen, T.J., 'Threats, Assurances
and the Last Chance for Peace', International Security, vol.
17, no. 1 (1992), pp.122-54. Serial JX 1901 I67.
Jervis, Robert, Richard Ned Lebow and
Janice Gross Stein. Psychology and Deterrence. U 162.6 JER.
Jervis, Robert. Perception and Misperception
in International Politics. U162.6 JER.
Jervis, Robert. The Logic of Images.
JX 1395 JER.
Brodie, Bernard, War and Politics,
ch. 3. U 102 BRO.
Gurtov, Melvin and Byong-Moo Hwang,
China Under Threat. DS 777.8 GUR.
Whiting, Allen S., ‘The U.S-China War
in Korea' in Alexander L. George (ed.) Avoiding War. JX1391 AVO.
Whiting, Allen S., China Crosses the
Yalu. DS 919.5 WHI.
Cumings, Bruce, War and Television.
PN 1992.8.W3 CUM.
Cumings, Bruce, The Origins of the
Korean War. Vol. I: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes,
1945-1947. DS 917.55 CUM.
Cumings, Bruce, The Origins of the
Korean War. Vol. II: The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947-1950. DS
917.55 CUM.
Halliday, Jon and Bruce Cumings, Korea:
The Unknown War. DS 918 HAL.
Foot, Rosemary, The Wrong War.
DS 918 FOO.
George, Alexander L. and Richard Smoke,
Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice. E 744
GEO.
Knightley, Phillip. The First Casualty.
The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo.
Ch. 14. PN 4823 KNI.
Video: ‘The Cuban Missile Crisis: Eyeball
to Eyeball’.
Video: ‘The Cold War: Cuba 1959-62’.
US National Security Archive http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/. Documents and audiotapes from the crisis.
Herring, Eric, Danger and Opportunity,
ch. 8. D 843 HER.
Weldes, Jutta and Diana Saco, ‘Making
State Action Possible: The United States and the Discursive Construction
of “The Cuban Problem”, 1960-1994’, Millennium 25:2, 361-95.
JX 1.M5
Weldes, Jutta.
Constructing National Interests. The United States and the Cuban
Missile Crisis.
Weldes, Jutta. ‘Why Cuba Doesn’t
Count in the “Cuban Missile Crisis”: History, Hierarchy and Scholarship’.
Lebow, Richard Ned and Janice Gross Stein,
We All Lost the Cold War, ch. 5. D 849 LEB.
Lebow, Richard Ned, Between Peace
and War: The Nature of International Crisis. Esp. pp. 298-303. JX
4471 LEB.
Sagan, Scott, The Limits of Safety.
U 264.3 SAG
Simons, Geoff, Cuba: From Conquistador
to Castro, ch. 7. F 1776 SIM.
Simons, Geoff, Vietnam Syndrome. Impact
on US Foreign Policy, 294-303. DS 556.9 SIM.
Prados, John, Presidents' Secret Wars.
Chs. 10, 11. UA 23 PRA.
Garthoff, Raymond L., Reflections
on the Cuban Missile Crisis E 183.8.R9 GAR.
Lebow, Richard Ned, The Cuban Missile
Crisis: Reading the Lessons Correctly', Political Science Quarterly,
98:3 (1983), 431-58. Serial JA1.P595.
Bundy, MacGeorge, Danger and Survival.
Ch. 9. UA 32 BUN.
Garthoff, Raymond, 'The Cuban Missile
Crisis: The Soviet Story', Foreign Policy, no. 72 (1988) pp.
61-80. E 744.F6.
Blight, James G. and David A. Welch,
On the Brink. Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis.
E 183.8.R9 BLI.
May, Earnest and Philip Zelikow, The
Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Allyn, Bruce J., James G. Blight and
David A. Welch, ‘Essence of Revision: Moscow, Havana, and the Cuban
Missile Crisis', International Security, 14:3 (1989-90), 136-72.
JX 1901.I67.
Welch, David A. and James G. Blight.
'An Introduction to the ExComm Transcripts', International Security,
vol. 12, no. 3 (1987-88) pp. 5-29. JX 1901.I67.
Bundy, McGeorge (transcriber) and Blight,
James G. (ed.), 'October 27, 1962: Transcripts of the Meetings of the
ExComm', International Security, vol. 12, no. 3 (1987-88) pp.
30-92. JX 1901 I67.
Welch, David A., ‘The Organizational
Process and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigms: Retrospect and Prospect',
International Security, vol. 17, no. 2 (1992) pp.112-46. JX 1901.I67
George, Alexander L. and Richard Smoke,
Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice.
E 744 GEO.
Betts, Richard K., Nuclear Blackmail
and Nuclear Balance. U 162.6 BET.
Constructing National Interests
Maoz, Zeev, ‘Framing the National Interest:
The Manipulation of Foreign Policy Decisions in Group Settings’,
World Politics, 43:1 (1990), 77-110. D 839.W6.
Kratochwil, Friedrich, ‘On the Notion
of “Interest” in International Relations’, International Organization,
36:1 (1982), 1-30. JX 1.I55.
Brodie, Bernard, War and Politics,
ch. 8. U 102 BRO.
Week
3: The Gulf war 1990-91
Q: Why did Iraq invade Kuwait?
Why did the United States intervene against Iraq?
Student presentations on the above questions.
Workshop exercise
Learning outcomes:
1. Knowledge of the Gulf War 1990-91.
2. Ability to engage in constructive
discussion.
3. Ability to work in small teams following
complex instructions under time pressure to produce and deliver group
presentations.
4. Thorough knowledge of the week’s
required reading.
The seminar group plays the role of an
Independent Commission on the Gulf War 1990-91. Its remit is to explore
why Iraq invaded Kuwait and why the United States intervened against
Iraq. The students giving presentations are academic expert witnesses
from the Bristol University Gulf Study (BUGS).
The Commission is composed of
a chair of the Commission,
responsible for time management, the proper conduct of proceedings and
the execution of the remit. The chair will rotate, being whichever student
presenter is not giving expert testimony to the Commission.
Three Commissioners responsible
for interviewing the expert witnesses.
Support staff for each of
the Commissioners. The support staff are responsible for providing their
Commissioner with lines of enquiry (and generally making them look distinguished
and intelligent). Support staff are not allowed to interview the expert
witnesses. However, if need be they may whisper in the ear of / pass
a note to the Commissioner during the interview.
It is your responsibility to use the
full time period available
Required reading:
Campbell, D., Politics
Without Principle, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1993.
DS 79.65 CAM.
Chapter 3 is provided
in the course pack. Chapters 2 and 4 are also very valuable reading
for this seminar and I encourage to read these also.
Herring, E., Danger and
Opportunity, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995, pp.
206-225. D843 HER.
Supplementary reading:
Video: 'The Gulf War'.
Video: ‘The Washington Version’.
Stein, Janice Gross. ‘Deterrence and
Compellence in the Gulf, 1990-91: A Failed or Impossible Task?',
International Security, vol. 17, no. 2 (1992), 147-79. Serial JX
1901.I67.
Ehteshami and Nonneman, War and Peace
in the Gulf, Ch. 3, 6, 7 & postscript
Aburish, Said. Saddam Hussein.
Chs. 10, 11. DS 79.66.H8 ABU.
Burdett, Jonathan. MetaGulf: Narratives
of the Gulf War.
Cumings, Bruce, War and Television,
ch. 4.
Hiro, D, Desert Shield to Desert Storm:
the Second Gulf war
Hoolahan, T, Gulf War: the complete
history
Joffé, G, ‘Prelude to the 1991 Gulf
War’, in The Middle East and North Africa 1993, pp. 10-13.
Joffé, G, ‘Iraq and Kuwait: the invasion,
the war and the aftermath’, in The Middle East and North Africa
1993, pp. 14-19.
Karsh, Efraim and Inari Rautsi, ‘Why
Saddam Hussein Invaded Kuwait', Survival, 33:1 (1991),18-30.
Serial JX 1.S9.
Baudrillard, Jean, The Gulf War Did
Not Take Place. B 2430.B29.
Robertson, Toby and Stephen Reicher,
‘An Analysis of the Construction and Contestation of Contradictins
in a Debate Between Noam Chomsky and Lord Jenkins on the Gulf War’,
British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 37 (1998), 287-302. HM
251.B7.
Simons, Geoff, Vietnam Syndrome. Impact
on US Foreign Policy. DS 556.9 SIM. Pp. 332-41.
Pilger, John, Hidden Agendas.
44-58. PN 4735 PIL.
Simons, Geoff, The Scourging of Iraq,
ch. 4. DS 79.719 SIM.
Morrison, David, Television and the
Gulf War. PN 1992.8.W3 MOR.
Halliday, Fred, 'The Gulf War 1990-1991
and the Study of International Relations', Review of International
Studies, 20: 2 (1994), 109-30. Serial D1.B65.
Chomsky, Noam, World Orders, Old and
New. D 860 CHO.
Taylor, Philip M., War and the Media.
Propaganda and Persuasion in the Gulf War. DS 79.65 TAY.
Mueller, John, Policy and Opinion
in the Gulf War. DS 79.65 MUE.
Freedman, Lawrence and Efraim Karsh.
The Gulf Conflict 1990-1991. DS 79.65 FRE.
Der Derian, James, Antidiplomacy.
Spies, Terror, Speed, and War. JF 1525.J6 DER.
Gowan, Peter, 'The Gulf War, Iraq and
Western Liberalism', New Left Review, 197 (1991), 29-70. Serial
HX1.N4.
Miller, Judith and Laurie Mylroie,
Saddam Hussein and the Crisis in the Gulf. DS 79.65 MIL.
Heikal, Mohammed, Illusions of Triumph.
DS 79.65 HEI.
Hersh, Seymour, The Samson Option.
UA 853.I8 HER.
Record, Jeffrey, Hollow Victory.
DS 79.65 REC.
Woodward, Bob, The Commanders.
E 881 WOO.
Norris, Christopher, Uncritical Theory:
Postmodernism, Intellectuals and the Gulf War. B 831.2 NR. Also
in Urban Studies Library.
Knightley, Phillip. The First Casualty.
The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo.
PN 4823 KNI. Ch. 19.
Haselkorn, Avigdor. The Continuing
Storm. DS 79.744.C46 HAS.
Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria O’Donnell.
Propaganda and Persuasion, pp. 312-31. HM 263 JOW.
Week 4: The wars in former Yugoslavia
and ‘ethnic’ conflict
Q: What makes possible the
characterisation of the wars in former Yugoslavia Bosnia as ‘ethnic’
conflicts? To what extent do you agree with that characterisation?
Student presentations on the above questions.
Video: 'The Death of Yugoslavia:
Part I'.
The purpose of this video is to introduce
you to Allan Little and Laura SIlber's construction of a narrative of
the causes of the wars in former Yugoslavia. It rejects the ancient
ethnic hatreds thesis in favour of a focus on ambitious politicians,
especially Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, in creating and exploiting
inter-ethnic fear and conflict.
Learning outcome: Develop an understanding
of how narrative attaches meaning to facts; of perspectives on the extent
to which ethnic identity is malleable; and of how these ideas might
apply to the wars in former Yugoslavia.
Required reading:
Kaufman, C., ‘Possible and
Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars’, International Security,
20(4), pp. 136-175, 1996.
Mueller, John. ‘The Banality
of “Ethnic War”, International Security, 25(1), pp. 42-70,
2000.
Supplementary reading:
Video: 'The Death of Yugoslavia'. Part
2, Part 3, Part IV (Pax Americana).
Website: International Criminal Tribunal
for Yugoslavia, http://www.un.org/icty/
Former Yugoslavia
Campbell, David, ‘MetaBosnia: Narratives
of the Bosnian War’, Review of International Studies, 24:2
(1998), 261-81. Serial D 1.B65.
Campbell, David, National Deconstruction.
DR 1313.3 CAM.
Herring, Eric, 'An Uneven Killing Field:
The Manufacture of Consent for the Arms Embargo on Bosnia-Hercegovina',
in Malcom Evans (ed.), Aspects of Statehood and Instutionalism in
Contemporary Europe.
Gagnon, Jr., V. P., 'Ethnic Nationalism
and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia', International Security,
19:3 (1994-95), 130-66. JX 1901.I67.
Allen, Tim and Jean Seaton (eds).
The Media of Conflict. PN 1992.8.W3 MED.
Crawford, Beverly and Ronnie D. Lipschutz,
‘Discourses of War: Security and the Case of Yugoslavia’ in Keith
Krause and Michael C. Williams (eds.) Critical Security Studies.
U 21.2 CRI.
Gagnon, Jr., V. P., 'Ethnic Nationalism
and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia', International Security,
19:3 (1994-95), 130-66. JX 1901.I67.
Kaufman, Stuart J., ‘An “International”
Theory of Inter-Ethnic War’, Review of International Studies,
22:2 (1996), 149-71. Serial D 1.B65.
Herring, Eric, 'International Security
and Democratisation in Eastern Europe' in G. Pridham, E. Herring and
G. Sanford (eds.) Building Democracy? DJK 51 BUI.
<http://www.intl-crisis-group.org/>
International Crisis Group
Bennett, Christopher, Yugoslavia's
Bloody Collapse. DR1313 BEN
Rieff, David, Slaughterhouse. Bosnia
and the Failure of the West. DR 1743 RIE.
Silber, Laura and Allan Little, The
Death of Yugoslavia. Dr 1313 SIL.
Thompson, Mark, Forging War. The Media
in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina. P 92.B3 THO.
Cigar, Norman, Genocide in Bosnia:
The Policy of 'Ethnic Cleansing. DR 1313.7.A85 CIG.
Mestrovic, Stjepan G. (ed.), Genocide
After Emotion. The Postemotional Balkan War. DR 1313 GEN
Luckman, Thomas and Stjepan Mestrovic
(eds), This Time We Knew. DR 1313.7.A85 THI.
Mestrovic, Stjepan, The Balkanization
of the West D 860 MES.
Ignatieff, Michael. Blood and Belonging.
JC311 IGN
Williams, Michael C. ‘The Folly of
Partition’, Survival, 41:2 (1999-2000), pp. 165-76. Serial
JX 1.S9
Kumar, Radha. Divide and Fall? Bosnia
in the Annals of Partition. DR 1313.3 KUM.
Ethnic conflict?
Crawford, Beverly and Ronnie D. Lipschutx
(eds), The Myth of “Ethnic Conflict”: Politics, Economics and
Cultural Violence < http://escholarship.cdlib.org/ias/crawford/index.html>
Hutchinson, J. and A. Smith (eds)
Ethnicity.
Hawes, D. and B. Perez, The Gypsy
and the State: The Ethnic Cleansing of British Society.
Horowitz, D., Ethnic Groups in Conflict.
Adelman, H. and A. Suhrke (eds), The
Path of a Genocide. [Rwanda]
De Silva, K.M. and S.W.R. de A. Samarasinghe
(eds), Peace Accords and Ethnic Conflict.
Donald, J. and A. Rattansi (eds),
‘Race’, Culture and Difference.
Keane, Feargal, Season of Blood: A
Rwandan Journey.
Crawford, Beverly and Ronnie D. Lipschutz
(eds), The Myth of ‘Ethnic Conflict’: Politics, Economics and
‘Cultural Violence’.
Brown, Michael, The International
Dimension of Internal Conflict.
Va de Goor, Luc, Kumar Rupensinghe and
Paul Sciarone (eds), Between Development and Destruction: An Enquiry
into the Causes of Conflict in Post-Colonial States.
Comaroff, J., ‘Humanity, Ethnicity,
Nationality: Conceptual and Comparative Perspectives on the USSR’,
Theory and Society, 20 (1991), pp. 661-87.
Mamdani, M., Ethnicity in Rwanda:
An Interpretation, http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_906.htm.
Fenton, Steve, Ethnicity: Racism,
Class and Culture.
Symbolic politics in general
Buzan, Barry and Eric Herring, The
Arms Dynamic in World Politics, ch. 11. U 162 BUZ.
Edelman, Murray, The Symbolic Uses
of Politics. JA 74 EDE.
Laffey, Mark and Jutta Weldes, ‘Beyond
Belief: Ideas and Symbolic Technologies in the Study of internationational
Relations’, European Journal of International Relations, 3:3
(1997), 193-27.
Rabinow, Paul ‘Introduction’ in
The Foucault Reader. B2430. F724.
Baylis, John ‘International Security
in the Post-Cold War Era’ in John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds)
Globalization of World Politics. JX 1395 GLO.
Week 5 - Kosovo
Q: Why did NATO go to war
against Serbia? Are you in favour of the war that NATO conducted against
Serbia?
Student presentations on the above questions.
Workshop exercise
Learning outcomes:
1. Knowledge of the NATO’s war against
Serbia.
2. Ability to engage in constructive
discussion.
3. Ability to work in small teams following
complex instructions under time pressure to produce and deliver group
presentations.
4. Thorough knowledge of the week’s
required reading.
The seminar group plays the role of a
UN Independent Commission on NATO’s War Against Serbia. Its remit
is to explore why NATO went to war against Serbia and to consider arguments
for and against that war. The students giving presentations are academic
expert witnesses from the Bristol University NATO-KOSOVO (BUNK) Study
Group.
The Commission is composed of
a chair of the Commission,
responsible for time management, the proper conduct of proceedings and
the execution of the remit. The chair will rotate, being whichever student
presenter is not giving expert testimony to the Commission.
Three Commissioners responsible
for interviewing the expert witnesses.
Support staff for each of
the Commissioners. The support staff are responsible for providing their
Commissioner with lines of enquiry (and generally making them look distinguished
and intelligent). Support staff are not allowed to interview the expert
witnesses. However, if need be they may whisper in the ear of / pass
a note to the Commissioner during the interview.
It is your responsibility to use the
full time period available.
It is important that you try hard to
avoid waffle, banality and politician-speak to fill up the time. To
help you avoid this, draw on your required reading. Indeed, think of
the required reading as expert witness testimony the Commission has
already heard, and Commissioners should feel free to draw the attention
of the expert witnesses to it.
Required reading:
Roberts, Adam. ‘NATO’s
“Humanitarian War” Over Kosovo’, Survival, 41(3), pp. 102-123,
1999. Serial JX 1.S9.
Herring, E., ‘From Rambouillet
to the Kosovo Accords: NATO’s War Against Serbia and its Aftermath’,
in Ken Booth (ed.) The Kosovo Tragedy: the Human Rights Dimensions,
London: Frank Cass, 2001, pp. 225-245. DR 2078 KOS.
Supplementary reading:
Video: ‘The War Room’.
Video: ‘Moral Combat: NATO at War’.
Video: ‘War in Europe’.
Chomsky, Noam. The New Military Humanism.
DR 2087 CHO.
Select Committee on Defence, House of
Commons www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmdfence/347/34702.htm
International Independent Commission
to Investigate the Kosovo Crisis <www.kosovocommission.org>.
Shank, Gregory. ‘Not a Just War, Just
a War - NATO’s Humanitarian Bombing Mission’, Social Justice,
26:1 (1999), pp. 4-48. Serial NV 6001.C7.
McGwire, Michael. ‘Why Did We Bomb
Belgrade?’, International Affairs, 76:1 (2000), pp. 1-24. Serial
JX 1.I5.
O’Connoll, Mary Ellen. ‘The UN, NATO
and International Law After Kosovo’, Human Rights Quarterly,
22:1 (2000), pp. 57-89. Serial JC 571.H8.
Guicherd, Catherine. ‘International
Law and the War in Kosovo’, Survival, 41:2 (1999), pp. 19-34.
Serial JX 1.S9.
Posen, Barry R. ‘The War for Kosovo:
Serbia’s Political-Military Strategy’, International Security,
vol. 24, no. 4 (Spring 2000), pp. 39-84. Serial JX 1901 I67.
Judah, Tim. ‘Kosovo’s Road to War’,
Survival, 41:2 (1999), pp. 5-18. Serial JX 1.S9.
Judah, Tim. Kosovo. War and Revenge.
DR 2078 JUD.
Judah, Tim. The Serbs. DR 1230.S46
JUD.
Knightley, Phillip. The First Casualty.
The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth Maker
from the Crimea to Kosovo. PN 4823 KNI. Ch. 20.
<http://www.intl-crisis-group.org/>
International Crisis Group
<http://www.zmag.org/> ZMag.
<http://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/nato/>
Human Rights Watch Report on NATO’s bombing of Serbia.
<http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/media/releases/crisis_eu99.html>
Foreign Policy in Focus Kosovo Page
Ignatieff, Michael. Virtual War.
DR 2087 IGN.
Hammond, Philip and Edward S. Herman
(eds) Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis. DR
2087 DEG.
Malcol, Noel. Kosovo: A Short History.
DR 2076 MAL.
Gavin, Peter. ‘The NATO Powers and
the Balkan Tragedy’, New Left Review, 234 (1999), pp. 83-105.
Serial HX1.N4.
Blackburn, Robin. ‘Kosovo: The War
of NATO Expansion’, New Left Review, 235 (1999), pp. 107-23.
Serial HX1.N4.
Byman, Daniel and Matthew C. Waxman.
‘Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate’, International
Security, 24:4 (2000), pp. 5-38. Serial JX 1901 I67.
<http://www.un.org/peace/kosovo/pages/kosovo1.htm>
UN Mission in Kosovo.
<http://www.osce.org/kosovo/> OSCE
Mission in Kosovo.
<http://www.kforonline.com/> KFOR.
Week 6: Somalia and the
‘Failure’ of Humanitarian Intervention
Q: What ‘went wrong’ with
Somalia? Can interventions ever be truly humanitarian?
Student presentations on the above questions.
Video: Black Hawk Down.
CAUTION: Be very open minded whilst watching this. What differences
do you see between Hollywood and academia (history) in the recounting
of the incident?
Learning outcomes: Develop an
understanding of the debates surrounding humanitarian intervention.
Develop an understanding of the impact of Somalia on future crises.
Required reading:
Ramsbotham, O. & Woodhouse,
T., Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict: A Reconceptualization,
Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996, pp. 191-216. JX4481 RAM.
Hirsch, J. L. & Oakley,
R.B., ‘Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking
and Peacekeeping’, Washington DC: US Institute of Peace, 1995, pp.
149-173. JX1981.P7 HIR.
Supplementary reading:
Kaldor. New and Old Wars: Organised
Violence in a Global Era.
Anderson. Do No Harm.
Canadian Government’s Report of the
Somalia Commission of Enquiry. ‘Dishonoured legacy: The Lessons of
the Somalia Affair’. (Internet: www.dnd.ca/somaliasomliae.htm). Also available from me.
Drysdale, Whatever Happened to Somalia.
Damrosch, Enforcing Restraint: Collective
Intervention in Internal Conflicts
Lyons and Samatar, Somalia: State
Collapse, Multilateral Intervention and Strategies for Political Reconstruction.
Minear and Weiss. Humanitarian Action
in Times of War.
Weiss. ‘The Sunset of Humanitarian
Intervention? The Reponsibility to Protect in a Unipolar Era’,
Security Dialogue 35 (2004), pp. 135-153.
Oakley, Two Perspectives on Interventions
in Humanitarian Operations.
Augelli and Murphy, ‘Lessons of Somalia
for Future Multilateral Humanitarian Assistance Operations’, Global
Governance 1:3 (1995), pp. 339-365.
Berdal, ‘Fateful Encounter: The US
and UN Peacekeeping’, Survival 36:1 (1994), pp. 30-50.
Bolton, ‘Wrong Turn in Somalia’,
Foreign Affairs, 73:1 (1994).
Clark, ‘Debacle in Somalia’, Foreign
Affairs, 72 (1992/3).
Clarke and Herbst, ‘Somalia and the
Future of Humanitarian Intervention’, Foreign Affairs (1996),
pp. 70-85.
Crocker, ‘The Lessons of Somalia: Not
everything went wrong’, Foreign Affairs, 74:3 (1995).
Greenwood, ‘Is There a Right of Humanitarian
Intervention’, The World Today 49:2 (1992).
Howe, ‘The US and UN in Somalia: The
Limits of Involvement’, Washington Quarterly, (1995), pp. 49-62.
Makinda, ‘Somalia: From Humanitarian
Intervention to Military Offensive’, The World Today 49:10
(1993), pp. 184-186.
Weiss, ‘Overcoming the Somalia Syndrome
– Operation Rekindle Hope’, Global Governance 1:2 (1995).
United Nations, ‘The Comprehensive
Report on Lessons Learned from the United Nations Operation in Somalia
April 1992 to March 1995’ (The Lessons Learned Unit of the Department
of Peacekeeping Operations: New York 1995).
International Crisis Groups Reports on
Somalia: www.icg.org.
Luling, ‘Come Back Somalia? Questioning
a Collapsed State’, Third World Quarterly 18:2 (1997), pp.
287-302.
de Waal, Class and Power in a Stateless
Somalia.
Yannis, ‘Collapse and its Implications
for Peace-Building and Reconstruction’ in State Failure, Collapse
and Reconstruction, Jennifer Milliken (ed), pp. 63-80.
Menkhaus, Ken, ‘Somalia: Political
Order in a Stateless Society’, Current History (1998), pp.
220-224.
P. Hoffman and T. Weiss. ‘Making Humanitarianism
Work’, in Making States Work: State Failure and the Crisis of Governance.
Editors M. Ignatieff and R. Thakur S. Chesterman.
Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali.
The 2002 edition is the best one for this – the last few chapters
cover the collapse of the government and the intervention.
Week 7: Genocide in Rwanda
Q: Why did genocide take place
in Rwanda? What intervention did take place? Why was Rwanda ‘ignored’?
Student presentations on the above questions.
Video: 'Rwanda: The Bloody Tricolour'
The purpose of the video is to introduce
you to a perspective on the origins of the genocide in Rwanda and in
particular France's role in it.
Learning outcome: Develop an understanding
of the origins of genocide in Rwanda, the implications of representations
of the genocide and the international community’s involvement in it.
Required reading:
Prunier, G., The Rwanda
Crisis: A History of Genocide, London: Hirst, 1997, pp. 224-250.
DT 450.435 PRU.
NB: All of chapter 7
is included in the coursepack – at a minimum you should read pages
224-250. Other sections of this text that are particularly relevant
to this seminar are: pp. 5-13, 35-40 on Rwanda before and during colonialism;
pp. 100-108, 273-80 and 336-45 on the role of international actors (including
France); and pp. 281-311 on France’s Operation Turqouise. I
strongly encourage you to read these sections also.
McNulty, M., ‘Media Ethnicization
and the International Response to War and Genocide in Rwanda’, in:
Tim Allen and Jean Seaton (eds), The Media of Conflict: War Reporting
and Representations of Ethnic Violence, London: Zed Books, 1999,
pp. 268-286. PN1992.8.W3 MED
Power, S., ‘Bystanders to
Genocide’, Atlantic Monthly, September 2001, available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200109/power-genocide.
An overview of the declassified
documents that are used to inform this paper are included in the course
pack. The full documents are available online at the National
Security Archive and I encourage you to view these (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/press.html).
Supplementary reading:
Video: ‘When Good Men Do Nothing’.
Organisation of African Unity, Report
of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the
1994 Genocide in Rwanda and the Surrounding Events July 2000 http://www.oau-oua.org/Document/ipep/ipep.htm.
Des Forges. Leave None to Tell the
Story: Genocide in Rwanda.
Powers. A Problem From Hell: America
and the Age of Genocide.
Mills and Brunner. The New Killing
Fields: Massacre and the Politics of Intervention.
McNulty, Mel, ‘Media Ethnicization
and the International Response to War and Genocide in Rwanda’, in
Tim Allen and Jean Seaton (eds), The Media of Conflict. PN1992.8.W3
MED.
Barnett, Michael. ‘Peacekeeping, Indifference
and the Genocide in Rwanda’ in Jutta Weldes et al (eds), Cultures
of Insecurity. JZ 1251 CUL.
Dallaire, Shaking Hands with the Devil.
Gourevitch. We Wish to Inform You
that Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families. Chs. 21, 22.
Rieff, David. ‘Rwanda: The Big Risk’,
New York Review of Books, 31 October 1996. Serial AP2.N4
Africa Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair,
Defiance. DT 450.435 RWA.
Mueller, John. ‘The Banality of “Ethnic
War”, International Security, viol. 25, no. 1 (Summer 2000),
pp. 42-70. Serial JX 1901.I67.
Mamdani, Mamoud "When Victims Become
Killers", DT 450.435 MAM
Melvern, Linda. A People Betrayed.
Kuperman, Alan J. ‘Rwanda in Retrospect’,
Foreign Affairs, 79:1 (2000), pp. 94-118. Serial D410.F7.
Des Forges, Alison L. ‘Alas, We Knew’
, Foreign Affairs, 79:3 (2000), 141-2. Serial D410.F7.
Kuperman, Alan J. ‘Kuperman Replies’,
Foreign Affairs, 79:3 (2000), 142-4. Serial D410.F7.
Five Years After The Genocide in Rwanda:
Justice In Question 7 April 1999 <http://www.intl-crisis-group.org/>
International Crisis Group report.
Uganda and Rwanda: Friends or Enemies?
4 May 2000 <http://www.intl-crisis-group.org/> International Crisis
Group report.
<http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/Rwandagenocide.pdf>
Independent report commissioned by the UN. 15 December 1999.
The Triumph of Evil. How the West
Ignored Warnings of the 19994 Rwanda Genocide and Turned its Back on
the Victims <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/>
PBS TV ‘Frontline’.
<http://www.oz.net/~rudybrue/RwandaPage.html>
Rudy Brueggemann’s site on the genocide
<http://www.oz.net/~rudybrue/frenchconnection.html>
Brueggemann on France’s role.
<http://www.jburroughs.org/history/causes/causes.html>
John Burroughs School site on the causes of the genocide.
<http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/2/dossiers/rwanda/sommaire.htm>
In French. French parliamentary inquiry into France’s role.
Ubutabera <http://www.inter-media.org/fr/index.html>
A weekly news update by journalists in Tanzania on the working of the
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).
Cortright, David and George A. Lopez
et al. The Sanctions Decade. Assessing Un Strategies in the 1990s.
Ch. 10. HF 1413.5 COR.
Prunier, Gérard, Rwanda in Zaire:
From Genocide to Continental War.
Keane, Feargal. Season of Blood: A
Rwanda Journey. DT450.435 KEA
Destexhe, Alain. Rwanda and Genocide
in the Twentieth Century. DT450.435 DES
Evans, Glynne. Responding to
Crises in the African Great Lakes. DT363.3 EVA
Destexhe, Alain, ‘The Third Genocide’,
Foreign Policy, 97 (1994-95). E 744.F6
Whitman, Jim and David Pocock (eds).
After Rwanda: The Coordination of United Nations Humanitarian Assistance.
DT450.435 AF
Jones. ‘Intervention Without Borders:
Humanitarian Intervention in Rwanda 1990-1994’, Millennium
(1995) 25: 2, pp. 225-50. JX 1.M5.
Taylor, Christopher. Sacrifice as
Terror. DT450.435 TAY.
Howland, Todd A. ‘Mirage, Magic or
Mixed Bag? The UNHCR’s Field Operation in Rwanda’, Human Rights
Quarterly, 21:1 (1999), pp. 1-35. Serial JC 571.H8.
Shearer, David. ‘Africa’s Great War’,
Survival, 41:2 (1999), 89-106. Serial JX 1.S9.
Philo, Greg (ed.) Message Received.
Chs. 13, 14. P90 MES.
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. Unvanquished:
A US-UN Saga, pp. 129-41. JZ 4997.5 U5 BOU.
Genocide more generally
Kuper, Leo, The Prevention of Genocide.
JX 5418 KUP.
Lifton, Robert Jay, The Genocidal
Mentality. Urban Studies library 162.6 LIF
Goldhagen, Daniel, Hitler’s Willing
Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. DD 256.5 GOL
Horowitz, Irving Louis, Taking Lives:
Genocide and State Power. JX 5418 HAR.
Lerner, Richard M., Final Solutions.
GN 365.9 LER.
Bartov, Omer, Murder in Our Midst:
the Holocaust, Industrial Killing and Representation. D 804.3 BAR.
Holocaust and Genocide Studies.
1996-. Serial D810.J4.H65.
ICISS. The Responsibility to Protect.
Kaldor. New and Old Wars: Organised
Violence in a Global Era.
Week 8: 9/11 and Beyond: The
War on Terror and New Threats
Q: What are the new threats and
how are they determined? Is the ‘War on Terror’ a global ‘war’
or a US ‘war’? How are force and ‘state-building’ being used
in conjunction?
Student presentation(s) on the above
question.
Learning Outcome: To examine and
understand the changing nature of global threats, crisis and conflict,
and reactions to those, including not only force but also other coercive
measures.
Required reading:
Callinicos, A., The New
Mandarins of American Power: The Bush Administration’s Plans for the
World, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003, pp. 8-41. E902 CAL.
Kaplan, R.D., ‘The Coming
Anarchy’, Atlantic Monthly, 273(2), pp. 44-66, 1994. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199402/anarchy
Prime Minister's Strategy
Unit (UK), ‘Investing in Prevention: An International Strategy to
Manage Risks of Instability and Improve Crisis Response’, London:
The Strategy Unit, 2005.
The Executive Summary
of this report is provided in the course pack. The full report
and supporting documents are available online at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/strategy/work_areas/countries_at_risk.aspx and you should spend some time looking at these.
United States White House,
‘The National Security Strategy of the United States of America’,
September 2002.
Supplementary reading:
Reading current news reports and checking
relevant journals is essential for the reading for this week.
Jack Straw. ‘Failed and Failing States’.
Speech at the European Research Institute (2002). http://www.eri.bham.ac.uk/events/jstraw060902.pdf
BBC. ‘The Power of Nightmares’. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/3755686.stm
The Guardian. ‘The Making of the Terror
Myth’. http://www.guardian.co.uk/terrorism/story/0,12780,1327904,00.html (For more on this series, simply go to Google
and type in ‘power of nightmares’.)
Leonard. Re-Ordering the World: The
Long-Term Implications of 11 September.
Ayoob. ‘State Making, State Breaking,
and State Failure’. Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing
International Conflict. editors Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson,
and Pamela Aall. Amin. The Liberal Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization
of the World.
Burke. Al Qaeda.
Ignatieff. Empire Lite: Nation-Building
in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan.
Halliday. Two Hours that Shook the
World.
The US 9/11 Commission Report, released
in 2004, on: http://www.9-11commission.gov/
Carothers. Critical Mission: Essays
on Democracy Promotion.
Carment. ‘Assessing State Failure:
Implications for theory and policy’. Third World Quarterly
24:3 (2003), pp. 407-27.
Abrahamsen. ‘A Breeding Ground for
Terrorists? Africa and Britain's 'War on Terrorism'.’ Review of
African Political Economy, no. 102 (2004), pp. 677-84.
Fukuyama, State Building: Governance
and World Order in the Twenty-First Century.
Kagan. Paradise and Power: America
and Europe in the New World Order.
Solana. A Secure Europe in a Better
World: European Security Strategy.
Freedman, Lawrence. ‘The Changing Forms
of Military Conflict’, Survival, 40:4 (1998-99), pp. 39-56.
Serial JX 1.S9.
Duffield. Global Governance and the
New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security.
Aruqilla and Ronfeldt, Networks and
Netwars: The Future of Terorr, Crime and Militancy.
Buzan, Barry and Eric Herring, The
Arms Dynamic in World Politics, ch. 9 and pp. 20-28, 112-14. U 162
BUZ.
Kaldor, Mary. New and Old Wars.
JX 5001 KAL.
Strategic Survey. IISS annual.
U 10.G7.S8. Published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Keen, David. The Economic Functions
of Violence in Civil Wars. Adelphi Paper 320. JX 4541 KEE.
Salmi, Jamil, Violence and Democratic
Society. HM 283 SAL
Cumings, Bruce, War and Television.
PN 1992.8.W3 CUM.
David, Stephen R, ‘Internal War: Causes
and Cures’, World Politics, 49:4 (1997). Serial D 839 W6.
Gurr, Ted Robert. ‘Ethnic Warfare on
the Wane’, Foreign Affairs, 79:3 (2000), 52-64. Serial D410.F7.
Mueller, John. Retreat from Doomsday.
The Obsolescence of Major War. U 21.2 MUE. Mandelbaum, Michael.
‘Is Major War Obsolete?’, Survival, 40:4 (1998-99), pp. 20-38.
Serial JX 1.S9.
Donald Kagan, Eliot A. Cohen, Charles
F. Doran, Michael Mandelbaum. ‘Is Major War Obsolete? An Exchange’,
Survival, 41:2 (1999), pp. 139-52. Serial JX 1.S9.
Kaysen, Carl, 'Is War Obsolete? A Review
Essay', International Security, 14:4 (1990). Serial JX1901.167
Luard, Evan, The Blunted Sword: The
Erosion of Military Power. U 21.2 LUA.
Byman, Daniel and Matthew Waxman. ‘Defeating
US Coercion’, Survival, 41:2 (1999), pp. 107-20. Serial JX
1.S9.
Byman, Daniel, Kenneth Pollack and Matthew
Waxman. ‘Coercing Saddam Hussein: Lessons From the Past’, Survival,
40:3 (1998), pp. 127-51. Serial JX 1.S9.
Wheeler, Nicholas J. ‘Guardian Angel
of Global Gangster? A Review of the Ethical Claims of the Society of
States’, Political Studies 44:2 (1996). Serial JA1.P61.
Simons, Geoff, Vietnam Syndrome. Impact
on US Foreign Policy. Intro, Ch. 1, Ch. 3, pp. 332-41. DS 556.9
SIM.
Luttwak, Edward N. ‘From Vietnam to
Desert Fox: Civil-Military Relations in Modern Democracies’,
Survival, 41:1 (1999), pp. 91-112. Serial JX 1.S9
Dixon, Paul. ‘Britain’s “Vietnam
Syndrome”? Public Opinion and British Military Intervention From Palestine
to Yugoslavia’, Review of International Studies, 26:1 (2000),
pp. 99-121. Serial D1.B65.
Freedman, Lawrence, 'Escalators and Quagmires:
Expectations and the Use of Force', International Affairs, 67:
1 (1991),15-31. Serial JX 1.I5.
Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse,
Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict. JX 4481 RAM.
Weller, Marc. ‘The US, Iraq and the
Use of Force in a Unipolar World’, Survival, 41:2 (1999-2000),
pp. 81-100. Serial JX 1.S9.
Mueller, John. ‘Public Opinion as a
Constraint on US Foreign Policy: Assessing the Perceived
Value of American and Foreign Lives’,
April 2000.
Week 9: War and Post-War in
Iraq
Q: Is the war in Iraq justified?
Is it an intervention to stave off a ‘threat’, or is it merely a
resource war? Has forcible regime change helped or hindered Iraq and/or
the international community?
Workshop exercise
Learning outcomes:
1. Develop an understanding of the evolution
of military intervention and to understand the incorporation of development
and security. Develop an understanding of military intervention and
regime change as ‘state-building’ and its impact on the international
community.
2. Ability to engage in constructive
discussion.
3. Ability to work in small teams following
complex instructions under time pressure to produce and deliver group
presentations.
4. Thorough knowledge of the week’s
required reading.
The seminar group plays the role of an
Independent Commission on the Successes and Failures in Iraq. Its remit
is to explore the justifications for intervention as well as the effects
– both on the Iraqi people and the international community – of
the forcible regime change. The discoveries and decisions of the Commission
will be used to inform future interventions in failed or threatening
states. The students giving presentations are academic expert witnesses
from the Bristol University Future Force Exercise Research Study (BUFFERS).
The Commission is composed of
a chair of the Commission,
responsible for time management, the proper conduct of proceedings and
the execution of the remit. The chair will rotate, being whichever student
presenter is not giving expert testimony to the Commission.
Three Commissioners responsible
for interviewing the expert witnesses.
Support staff for each of
the Commissioners. The support staff are responsible for providing their
Commissioner with lines of enquiry (and generally making them look distinguished
and intelligent). Support staff are not allowed to interview the expert
witnesses. However, if need be they may whisper in the ear of / pass
a note to the Commissioner during the interview. When a Commissioner
is interviewing an expert witness, there should be no talking amongst
anyone else.
It is your responsibility to use the
full time period available.
It is important that you try hard to
avoid waffle, banality and politician-speak to fill up the time. To
help you avoid this, draw on your required reading. Indeed, think of
the required reading as expert witness testimony the Commission has
already heard, and Commissioners should feel free to draw the attention
of the expert witnesses to it.
Required Reading:
Reading current news reports and checking
relevant journals is essential for the reading for this week.
Bluth, C. ‘The British Road
to War: Blair, Bush and the decision to invade Iraq’. International
Affairs, 80(5), pp. 871-892, 2004.
Hoggett, P., ‘Iraq: Blair’s
Mission Impossible’, British Journal of Politics and International
Relations, 7(3), pp. 418-428, 2005.
Bluth, C. ‘’Iraq: Blair’s
Mission Impossible’: A Rejoinder to Paul Hoggett’, British Journal
of Politics and International Relations, 7(4), pp. 598-602, 2005.
Hoggett, P., ‘A Reply to
Christoph Bluth’, British Journal of
Politics and International Relations, 7(4), pp. 603-604, 2005.
Buzan and Gonzalez-Pelaez.
‘’International Community’ After Iraq’. International Affairs
81:1 (2005), pp. 31-52.
Supplementary Reading:
Fallows. ‘Blind Into Baghdad’.
The Atlantic Monthly (January/February 2004).
Pollack. ‘Next Stop Baghdad?’
Foreign Affairs 81:2 (2002), pp. 32-47.
Dodge. Iraq's Future: The Aftermath
of Regime Change. (Adelphi Papers).
von Hippel. ‘Back-pedalling in Iraq:
Lessons Unlearned’. Conflict, Security and Development 4:1
(2004), pp. 79-89.
The US 9/11 Commission Report, released
in 2004, on: http://www.9-11commission.gov/
Bush. ‘The National Security Strategy
of the United States of America (2002)’.
Aburish. Saddam Hussein: the Politics
of Revenge.
Ali. The Clash of Fundamentalisms:
Crusades, Jihads and Modernity.
Blair. ‘Doctrine of the International
Community (24th April 1999)’. http://www.number-10.gov.uk.
Blair. ‘The continuing global terror
threat (5th March 2004)’. http://www.number-10.gov.uk.
Ikenberry. ‘America's Imperial Ambition’.
Foreign Affairs 81:5, pp. 44-60.
Nye. ‘U.S. Power and Strategy After
Iraq’. Foreign Affairs 82:4 (2003), pp. 60-73.
International Crisis Group, Iraq Policy
Briefing: Is there an alternative to war? [objective & balanced
assessment of the options just before the war].
Cushman. A Matter of Principle: Humanitarian
Arguments for War in Iraq.
Harvey. The New Imperialism (Chapter
1).
Daalder and Lindsay. America Unbound:
The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy.
Diamond. 2004. ‘What Went Wrong in
Iraq’. Foreign Affairs, 83:5 (2004). 5.
Dodge. Inventing Iraq: The Failure
of Nation Building and a History Denied.
Dueck. ‘Ideas and alternatives in American
grand strategy, 2000-2004’. Review of International Studies
30:4, pp. 511-35.
Gordon. ‘Debate Lingering on Decision
to Dissolve the Iraqi Military’. New York Times. 21st
October 2004.
Gordon. ‘Faulty Intelligence Misled
Troops at War's Start’. New York Times. 20th October
2004.
Gordon. ‘The Strategy to Secure Iraq
Did Not Foresee a 2nd War’. New York Times. 19th
October 2004.
Hersh. Chain of Command: The Road
from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib.
Hiro.. Secrets and Lies: The Planning,
Conduct and Aftermath of Blair and Bush's War.
International Crisis Group. "Voices
from the Iraqi Street." Middle East Briefing No. 3. www.icg.org
Knights. Operation Iraqi Freedom and
the New Iraq: Insights and Forecasts.
Krauthammer. ‘The Unipolar Moment’.
Foreign Affairs 70:1 (1990), pp. 23-33.
Krauthammer. ‘The Unipolar Moment Revisited’.
The National Interest 70 (2002), pp. 5-17.
Litwak. ‘The New Calculus of Pre-emption’.
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